The nature of the landforms and the movement and composition of the water in karst environments is controlled by the structure and rock type of the area. The Mitchell Plateau is underlain by limestone and dolomitic rocks of the Sanders and Blue River Groups, some of which are highly susceptible to chemical dissolution. In contrast, the Crawford and Norman Uplands, which flank the plateau to the west and east, are underlain predominantly by chemically resistant sandstone, shale, and siltstone. A layer of soil derived from rocks of the upland regions covers part of the Mitchell Plateau. This soil cover results in surface runoff that is diverted to underground drainage.

Chart modified from Palmer, M.V., and Palmer, A.N., 1975, Landform development in the Mitchell Plain of southern Indiana—Origin of a partially karsted plain: Zeitscher. Geomorphologie, v. 19, p. 1-39.